Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) for Battery Research and Development
By Hong Shih and Tai-Chin Lo
Keywords:
Batteries, state of charge, fuel cells, charge and discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), frequency response analyzer (FRA), lead - acid battery, lithium cells, nickel cells, metal hydrides, sodium cells, conducting polymers
The use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is presented as an invaluable tool for the characterisation of batteries and fuel cells. This technique yields quantitative information on a diverse range of processes including the analysis of state of charge, study of reaction mechanisms, film aestivation and corrosion processes.
Experimental techniques are discussed with reference to the use of Solartron's frequency response analyzers (FRA) and good measurement practice is covered briefly.
Many example applications are reviewed and include the characterization of lead-acid batteries, lithium, sodium and nickel cells and the application of EIS towards the understanding of the mechanisms associated with metal hydride systems. Furthermore, the use of EIS in the development of fuel cells is mentioned with examples including PEM's, SOFC's and molten carbonate cells.